Magic
Of The Haunted Mask
Death Mask of Tutankhamun. The death
mask of Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun is made of gold
inlaid with colored glass and semiprecious stone.
The mask comes from the innermost mummy case in the
pharaoh’s tomb, and stands 54 cm (21 in) high.
The emblems on the forehead (vulture and cobra) and
on the shoulders (falcon heads) were symbols of the
Two Lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and of divine authority.
The vulture Nekhbet and the cobra Wadjet protected
the pharaoh.
The Egyptian vulture. The Egyptian vulture is a tool-using
bird. Egyptian vultures are specialists in egg-eating.
They are among the only known birds in the world to
use stones as tools. They will repeatedly strike at
an abandoned ostrich egg with stones, then use their
beak to enlarge the hole and penetrate membrane. Then
it feasts on the oozing interior of the egg. In ancient
Egypt the vulture is considered to be nearer to God
who is believed to reside above the sky.
The Egyptian cobra. The ancient Egyptians worshipped
the cobra and used it as a symbol on the crown of
the pharaohs. It is used as a protective symbol, the
Egyptians believed that the cobra would spit fire
at any approaching enemies. It is also called asp.
The funeral mask of Tutankhamun was placed over the
face of the young pharaoh. The pharaoh wears the royal
head cloth called the "nemes". It is patterned
with stripes of blue glass and gold. The "nemes"
is only worn by pharaohs
STORY BY FRANK DAY ART BY RICARDO
PUSTANIO
Masks have been used since antiquity
for both ceremonial and practical purposes. From magic
rituals to theatrical disguises, and assumption of
a assumed role playing identity.
The word mask came via French masque and either Italian
maschera or Spanish máscara. Possible ancestors
are Latin (not classical) mascus, masca = "ghost",
and Arabic maskharah = "jester", "man
in masquerade". A mask is a covering for all
or part of the face, worn to conceal one's identity.
Often now a days a grotesque or humorous false face
worn at a carnival, masquerade, Mardi gras etc.: Halloween
masks. Maskara, an extended form of *mask-, prob.
with orig. sense “black” (blackening the
face being a simple form of disguise); another development
of the same base is early ML masca witch, ghost.
Masking was a form of aristocratic entertainment
in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, originally
consisting of pantomime and dancing but later including
dialogue and song, presented in elaborate productions
given by amateur and professional actors.
Mask have been by seems means known to possess people
and change their personality as they assume the role
that the anonymity affords them. Think about the persona
of Zorro, or the many superhero's that use them in
the comics to hide their identities.
Masking refers to a broad spectrum of ceremonies
and beliefs that have traditionally been practiced
in Africa and other parts of the world. To wear a
mask and its associated vestment was to conceal one's
own identity in the guise of another. Whether this
other was a spirit, ancestor, or another person-either
revered or feared-the ceremony in which the masked
performer participated marked a time of transition,
when otherworldly powers were invoked to aid in human
affairs. Masks played especially important roles in
initiation and funerary rites, as markers of transition
when the connections between this world and another
were particularly strong. At such times humans sought
to reaffirm the order of their society by reference
to their beliefs and values exemplified by the masks.
On this basis the mask carried the authority demanded
by the occasion.
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In traditional
Africa, in general, only men wore masks, although
the mask itself could be male or female. If
permitted to see the masks at all, even in public
appearances, women were required to keep at
a safe distance, since masks were considered
dangerous to them. And only men-specialist carvers,
blacksmiths, farmers, or ritual specialists-could
make masks.
Masks were worn in three different ways:
as face masks, vertically covering the face;
as helmets, encasing the entire head; and as
crests, resting upon the head, which was commonly
covered by a pliable, transparent material as
part of the disguise.
Because they are worn by people and intimately
linked to the human body, African masks are
mobile in their indigenous settings. They are
animated by movement and music. Masquerades
also impart a dimension of entertainment to
the serious purposes for which they are used.
Since the middle of this century, as the
peoples of Africa have modified their tribal
identities in order to organize themselves into
modern, independent nations, masking ceremonies
have generally become less integral to Africans'
way of life. But some exceptions-notably funerary
masquerades-continue today.
http://community.middlebury.edu/~atherton/masking.html
|
In ritual, social and religious functions, where
participants wear them to represent spiritual or legendary
figures. In some cultures it is also believed that
the wearing of a mask will allow the wearer to take
on the attributes of that mask's representation; i.e.,
a leopard-mask will induce the wearer to become leopard-like.
Mask fetishism is a desire to see a subject wearing
a mask or taking off a mask. The mask may be a Halloween
mask, a surgical mask, ninja mask, a latex mask, or
any other kind of mask. A similar fetish for women
wearing Muslim or harem veils is veil fetishism.
They're still used today in theaters (a good example
is the Japanese theater Noh) and, of course, they're
widely represented in popular events such as carnivals,
Halloween and New Orleans Mardi Gras.
A Zulu mask is said to keep out evil spirits from
the house and is often found hung at the entrance
of the Zulu tribesmen houses
MARDI GRAS FEATHERED MASK
Laissez le bon temps roulette (traditional Cajun/Mardi
Gras saying meaning "Let the Good Times Roll).
French Quarter Feather Mask are all the rage in New
Orleans. Many buy them to where other have them framed
and hang them on the wall. From hand held to worn
on the face these items are sold year round. As common
as real voodoo dolls in the Crescent City. Mardi Gras,
which means "fat Tuesday" in French, is
celebrated in many francophone regions.
Mardi Gras began long before Europeans set foot in
the New World. In mid February the ancient Romans
celebrated the Lupercalia, a circus like festival
not entirely unlike the Mardi Gras we are familiar
with today. When Rome embraced Christianity, the early
Church fathers decided it was better to incorporate
certain aspects of pagan rituals into the new faith
rather than attempt to abolish them altogether. Carnival
became a period of abandon and merriment that preceded
the penance of Lent, thus giving a Christian interpretation
to the ancient custom.
Mardi Gras came to America in 1699 with the French
explorer Iberville. Mardi Gras had been celebrated
in Paris since the Middle Ages, where it was a major
holiday. Iberville sailed into the Gulf of Mexico,
from where he launched an expedition up the Mississippi
River. On March 3 of 1699, Iberville had set up a
camp on the west bank of the river about 60 miles
south of where New Orleans is today. This was the
day Mardi Gras was being celebrated in France. In
honor of this important day, Iberville named the site
Point du Mardi Gras.
During the late 1700's, pre-Lenten masked balls and
festivals were common in New Orleans while it was
under French rule. However when New Orleans came under
Spanish rule the custom was banned. In 1803 New Orleans
came under the U.S. flag. The prohibition against
masked festivals continued until 1823 when the Creole
populace convinced the governor to permit masked balls.
In 1827 street masking was again legalized.
During the early 1800's public celebrations of Mardi
Gras centered around maskers on foot, in carriages
and on horseback. The first documented parade occurred
in 1837. Unfortunately, Mardi Gras gained a negative
reputation because of violent behavior attributed
to maskers during the 1840's and 50's. The situation
became so bad that the press began calling for an
end to the celebration.
In 1857 six New Orleaneans saved Mardi Gras by forming
the Comus organization. These six men were former
members of the Cowbellians, an organization which
had put on New Year's Eve parades in Mobile since
1831. The Comus organization added beauty to Mardi
Gras and demonstrated that it could be a safe and
festive event. Comus was the first organization to
use the term krewe to describe itself. Comus also
started the customs of having a secret Carnival society,
having a parade with a unifying theme with floats,
and of having a ball after the parade. Comus was also
the first organization to name itself after a mythological
character. The celebration of Mardi Gras was interrupted
by the Civil War, but in 1866 Comus returned.
 |
In
1870 the Twelfth Night Revelers made their appearance.
In 1871 they began the custom of presenting a
young woman with a golden bean hidden in a cake.
This young woman was the first queen of Mardi
Gras. This was also the origin of the king cake
tradition. |
In 1872 Grand Duke Alexis Romanoff of Russia visited
New Orleans. This year the krewe of Rex made their
debut and began the tradition of the "King of
Carnival." Rex also introduced purple, gold and
green as the official colors of Mardi Gras. Rex was
the first krewe to hold an organized daytime parade
and introduced "If Ever I Cease To Love"
as the Mardi Gras anthem. One of the high points of
Rex is the arrival of the Rex King on a riverboat.
1872 also saw the debut of the Knights of Momus on
New Year's Eve.
Ten years later in 1882, the Krewe of Proteus made
its debut with a parade themed after Egyptian mythology.
In 1890 the first marching club, The Jefferson City
Buzzards, was organized. In 1894, the Original Illinois
Club was formed as the first black Mardi Gras organization.
In 1896 Les Mysterieuses appeared as the first female
organization.
Mardi Gras in the Twentieth Century
In 1809 Zulu appeared as a parody of Rex. The Zulu
King held a banana stalk scepter and wore a lard can
crown. He arrived on on oyster lugger instead of a
steamboat. Zulu was destined to become one of the
most popular and beloved of all krewes.
Mardi Gras was canceled during the dark years of
1918 and 1919 when the United States was involved
in the bloody fighting of the First World War. The
celebration struggled through the 1920's and early
30's, which saw Prohibition and The Great Depression.
The krewe of Alla brought carnival to the West Bank
in 1934.
With the rise of mass produced automobiles, random
truck riders had become part of the Mardi Gras scene.
In 1835 they organized themselves into the Elkes Krewe
of Orleanians. The Krewe of Hermes appeared in 1937
and the Knights of Babylon in 1939.
Mardi Gras prospered during the 1940's, although
it was canceled during the war years. In 1949 Louis
Armstrong was King of the Zulu parade and was pictured
on the cover of time magazine.
In 1950 the Duke and Duchess of Windsor visited New
Orleans during Mardi Gras. They honored the New Orleans
Mardi Gras tradition by bowing to kings of Rex and
Comus at the Comus ball. The Korean War put a damper
on festivities in 1951, but several krewes joined
forces to parade as the Krewe of Patria on Mardi Gras
day. The Fifties also saw the replacement of mule
drawn floats with ones drawn by tractors and the formation
of several new krewes including Zeus. Zeus was the
first krewe to parade in Metairie.
In 1961 Pete Fountain founded the Half-Fast Walking
Club, an immediate hit with the crowds. Zulu came
under pressure from portions of the black community
who thought the krewe presented an undignified image.
The king resigned and the parade was almost cancelled,
but Zulu survived and was a main attraction by 1969.
The Sixties ended with the debut of Bacchus. Bacchus
aimed to bring national attention to Mardi Gras with
gigantic floats and a Hollywood celebrity (Danny Kaye)
riding as its king. Bacchus replaced the traditional
ball with a supper to which tickets could be purchased
by visitors and locals.
The Seventies saw the debut of 18 new krewes and
the demise of 18 others. More than a dozen krewes
followed the lead of Bacchus by placing celebrities
in their parades. In 1974 Argus became the first Metairie
parade on Fat Tuesday. This year also saw Endymion's
rise to super krewe status. The Seventies brought
a ban on parading in the French Quarter, ending a
117 year tradition. Mardi Gras made national headlines
at the close of the decade with a police strike which
cancelled 13 parades in Orleans Parish.
In the 80's Mardi Gras gained 27 new parades and
lost 19. St. Bernard Parish suffered a net loss of
parades while Jefferson and St. Tammany Parish experienced
continued growth. By the end of the decade Jefferson
Parish was experiencing an attendance rate of 600,000
people at its parades on Fat Tuesday.
The 1980's were were good times for Mardi Gras. In
1987 Rex brought back the custom of Lundi Gras, the
arrival of the masked Rex King on the Mississippi
River which had been celebrated from 1874 through
1917. The traditional tableau ball, however, lost
popularity. Once considered essential, only 10 krewes
continued the tradition of masked balls by the end
of the decade. Doubloons also lost some of their popularity
when several krewes stopped producing them.
Mardi Gras is considered a key to reviving New Orleans’
tourism business following the damage caused by Hurricane
Katrina. The signs of the devastating storm are still
obvious in swaths of the city but are largely unnoticeable
to those who stay in the French Quarter and central
business district.
Before the storm, about a million visitors came here
over the four days capped by 2007 Fat Tuesday. Officials
expected about 700,000 this year — about the
same amount of people who came in 2006.
Halloween Mask
 |
Halloween
masks are an important part of Halloween. Halloween
costumes are outfits worn on or around October
31, the day of Halloween. Halloween is a modern-day
holiday originating in the Pagan Celtic holiday
of Samhain. Costuming became popular for Halloween
parties in America in the early 1900s, as often
for adults as for children. The first mass-produced
Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1950s
when trick-or-treating became a fixture throughout
the United States. |
What sets Halloween costumes apart from costumes
for other celebrations or days of dressing up is that
they are often designed to imitate supernatural and
scary beings. Popular monsters of legend or fiction
are regular themes for Halloween costumes, as are
pop culture figures like presidents, or film, television,
and cartoon characters. Another popular trend is for
women (and in some cases, men) to use Halloween as
an excuse to wear particularly revealing costumes,
showing off more skin than would be socially acceptable
otherwise.
Halloween costume parties generally fall on, or around,
October 31, often falling on the Friday or Saturday
prior to Halloween.
According to The National Retail Federation’s
(NRF) 2007 Halloween Consumer Intentions and Actions
Survey, the top Halloween costumes for children are:
Princess
Pirate
Witch
Spider-Man
Superman // Disney Princess
Power Ranger
Pumpkin
Cat
Vampire
The top Halloween costumes for adults are:
Sparrtan Warrior From the Movie 300
Witch
Pirate
Vampire
Cat
Clown
Fairy
Gypsy
Superhero
Ghost // Ghoul
The Haunted Mask is a horror children's novel by
R. L. Stine. It was one of more popular of the highly
successful Goosebumps book series, and so was made
into a one-hour TV movie, broadcast later as two episode
on the Goosebumps television series. This story deals
with a timid girl who buys a Halloween mask that wouldn't
come off.
The Mask originated as comic book series by publisher
Dark Horse Comics. It was later adapted into the 1994
film The Mask, starring Jim Carrey, a spin-off television
cartoon series and a 2005 film sequel Son of the Mask.
In all versions the story initially centers around
a magical, wooden mask which gives anyone who places
it on their face nearly limitless power and an altered
appearance, which is most categorized by a large set
of teeth and green head.
The title of the comic book originally referred to
the magical mask itself and not the green headed superhero-like
character it unleashed, who was referred to as Big
Head in the early stories. It was not until the films
and television series that the green headed superhero
character himself became known as The Mask.
Likewise, in the original comic stories characters
who wore the Mask would become dangerous anti-heroes
with ultra-violent tendencies, even if this was not
the original intention of those using its power. But
again when adapted to film and television the violence
was toned down and the character of The Mask was depicted
more as a mischievous superhero.
The material used in the making of masks offers a
very large diversity of choices. Most of them were
made out of natural material, such as animal skin,
wood, paper, feathers, straw, horsehair or even tortoise
shell. The actors of the Noh theater often wear masks
made of hinoki which is a sort of cypress found in
Japan. Also, the actors of the Italian Commedia Dell'Arte
mainly use leather as the material for their masks,
as it ensures greater comfort for acting.
Anthropologists have been able to define the role
of masks in different societies, sometimes in great
detail. It would be untrue to say that masks had one
role; actually, they had several that different societies
and cultures used more or less, and in different ways.
We know that masks served in various rituals dedicated
to hunting, war, death and were used in different
ceremonies, such as baptisms or funerals. In fact,
masks had three main functions, adapted to these rituals,
which are hiding, transforming and scaring. A mask
indeed hides and protects whoever wears one, and in
primitive societies, it was meant to protect from
spirits and evil creatures. It also transforms whoever
wears it, giving them the strength and power of what
it represents and making them no longer human. Finally,
the mask scares and as a result inverts the roles.
Very often, these three functions superpose themselves,
leading to a state of trance. It is important to notice
that these functions are actually the ones of mimicry
used by insects.
The Native American tribes in North America used
masks mainly to cause fear and, as a result, respect.
Still, they were used a lot in shamanist rituals,
especially for therapeutic purposes. Other rituals
ensured success in hunting, or honored divine entities.
Also, masks were used for entertainment. Three categories
of masks were used; Iroquois tribes specialized in
false faces (deformed masks), while Native tribes
from the Northwest of the continent used articulated
masks. In the Southwest, they were usually made of
leather.
Masks were widely used in ancient Sri Lanka for devil
dance rituals, Although some of the masks are quite
large and complex in their structure, most of those
traditionally used in the various natima (dance) ceremonies
are considered three quarter masks. Strapped to the
face, they extend from the middle of the forehead
to just below the mouth. This type of lightweight
construction makes it easier for the dancer to wear
during the often spastic and exaggerated movements
executed during a performance which could last up
to twelve hours.
In Mexico and Central America, most towns have both
a Christian name and an indigenous name, for example,
Santiago Tianguistenco, or Santa Maria Axixitla. All
Christian saints have a specific day in the year dedicated
to them, and each town typically has a festival on
that day, involving a combination of Christian and
indigenous tradition. These festivals frequently include
parades and street theatre that act out a story. The
masks and costumes from these festivals have become
collectors items. A mask used in such a festival is
known as having been "danzada" or "danced."
These hand-made, painted masks are typically made
from wood and may use rope, animal horns or teeth,
or rubber from tire inner tubes.
In Africa, specifically West Africa, masks play an
important role in traditional ceremonies and theatrical
dances. All African masks fall into one of four categories:
the ancestor spirit, the mythological hero, the combination
of ancestor and hero, and the animal spirit.
The archeological discoveries in Egypt also taught
us that masks were used by ancient civilizations to
ensure a certain immortality to the dead. Thus, the
funeral mask found in Toutankhamon's tomb, which was
made of 11 kilos of pure gold, had realistic features,
as an effigy of the sovereign whose flesh had become
divine.
Beside their mystical roles, masks also had a social
function, often symbolizing obedience, such as the
Nie Bwei mask, in the Ivory Coast, which literally
means "the one who commands."
A death mask is a plaster or wax cast made of a person's
face following death. Death masks may be mementos
of the dead, or be used for creation of portraits.
It is sometimes possible to identify portraits that
have been painted from death masks, because of the
characteristic slight distortions of the features
caused by the weight of the plaster during the making
of the mould.
In the seventeenth century, it was common for death
masks to be used as part of the effigy of the deceased,
displayed at state funerals. During the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries they were also used to permanently
record the features of corpses for the purposes of
identification. This function was later replaced by
photography.
Proponents of phrenology and ethnography also used
both death masks and life masks (taken from living
subjects) for scientific and pseudoscientific purposes.
Actor Tor Johnson is the subject of one of the most
famous purported death masks of all time. His likeness
was made into a Halloween mask that has been a best-seller
to this day. However, it appears to be an urban legend
that this mask was crafted from his death mask. Most
likely, it was made from a cast of his face taken
by the make-up department during the filming of one
of his many horror films.
Visit Haere : Laurence
Hutton Collection of Life and Death Masks
Masquerade And Carnival
In the Middle Ages, in Europe, their usage during
popular feasts and representations was actively prohibited
by the church, which considered them evil, as they
often represented the devil. Also, the church considered
carnivals and popular masquerades as a return to paganism
and a contradiction with Christianity.
Nowadays, most societies have abandoned the usage
of masks in mystical rituals, reserving them for carnivals
and some forms of theatrical representations. One
of the last usages in the Western world related to
religion is found in Spain, where penitents wear a
hood entirely covering their face, during the processions
of the Holy Week.
The etymology of the word carnival comes from the
Vulgar Latin form carnelevare, which literally means
"to abandon the flesh." It's important to
know that carnivals still follow the calendar, and
as such, they always take place in symbolic periods.
Thus, carnivals are traditionally celebrated in the
weeks preceding Lent, and represent the last day when
food excess is allowed.
As a general rule, and although there are a few exceptions,
carnivals are celebrated between the winter solstice
and the springtime equinox.
Today they carry a dimension that is symbolic, social
and aesthetic, while they were first a magic-religious
celebration used to invert roles in society and make
satirical points.
Different countries have different "rituals"
related to the carnival and the usage of masks. Thus,
in Central and Eastern Europe, the main character
of the carnival is St. Nicholas, celebrated from December
6th to January 6th (day of Epiphany). In Romania,
masks are used when holding a vigil for the dead,
to entertain them.
Representations in people's homes, alms, tricks and
wishes are traditional when the masks are out. In
some regions in Portugal, the main legendary character
is named Chocalheiro. In Bielorussia, the mask of
the goat is the symbol of fertility for the crops.
In the Austrian Tyrol, Roller and Scheller are the
two most popular masks; Roller represents the coming
springtime while Scheller represents the winter that's
leaving.
Some characters which symbolically bear all the sins
are judged and destroyed, to deliver from evil spirits
or, like in Romania and Moldavia, to expiate people's
sins and bring peace for the Easter celebrations.
Another similar example is, of course, Halloween,
who was originally the first day of the year in Celtic
civilizations, and the celebration of the dead (All
Saints' Day).
Out of Europe, carnivals can be a very important
cultural event, like in New Orleans, USA or in South
America. In Haiti, although the carnival arrived with
the European settlers, it keeps a lot of archaic symbolism
such as exorcism. In Brazil, the famous carnival of
Rio de Janeiro is actually a richer version of an
old Portuguese feast named Entrudo. Lastly, the celebration
of the Chinese New Year is another example of a popular
parade that involves masks and costumes.
The carnival of Venice has gotten more and more popular
over the past twenty years. Still, the usage of masks
in the city served a different purpose in history,
especially in the 18th century. In Venice, masks were
used in everyday life as a way to remain incognito,
and to transgress social classes. The Venetian society,
which was very fond of intrigues of all sorts, found
in masks a very convenient way to remain discrete
in all situations. And, oddly enough, masked parades
such as carnivals were relatively rare in Venice.
The hood made of black silk, which was
worn by men, is called bauta. It is completed by a
piece of lace which hides the bottom of the face and
goes down to the waist. It was traditionally accompanied
with a tabaro (a coat, usually black or grey, scarlet
for the noble), a tricorn, and a larva (a white semi
mask). Women would usually wear a moretta, which is
a black velvet mask.
Death Masks
A death mask is a plaster or wax cast
made of a person's face following death. Death masks
may be mementos of the dead, or be used for creation
of portraits. It is sometimes possible to identify
portraits that have been painted from death masks,
because of the characteristic slight distortions of
the features caused by the weight of the plaster during
the making of the mould.
In the seventeenth century, it was common for death
masks to be used as part of the effigy of the deceased,
displayed at state funerals. During the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries they were also used to permanently
record the features of corpses for the purposes of
identification. This function was later replaced by
photography.
Proponents of phrenology and ethnography also used
both death masks and life masks (taken from living
subjects) for scientific and pseudoscientific purposes.
A death mask, as such, is known as a part of traditions
of virtually all countries and nations. The most important
process of the funeral ceremony in the ancient Egypt
was the mummification of a body which, after prayers
and consecration, was put into a sarcophagus enameled
and decorated with gold and gems. A special element
of the rite was a death mask, put on the face of the
deceased. This mask was believed to strengthen the
spirit of the mummy and guard the soul from evil spirits
in its way to the afterworld. The most well known
death mask is the mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (the
eighteenth dynasty). Made of gold and gems, the mask
truthfully conveys the features of the ancient kingdom
ruler.
The ancient Greeks used wax to make death masks,
which even then was attributed with magic power. In
November of 1876, the famous archeologist Heinrich
Schliemann discovered in Mycenae six graves, being
fully confident that those belonged to the kings and
ancient Greek heroes Agamemnon, Cassandra, Evrimdon,
and their associates. To his surprise, the skulls
were covered by the gold death masks never mentioned
by Homer. It is now thought highly unlikely that the
death masks that Schliemann found really belonged
to Agamemnon and other heroes of the Homeric epic.
In the Middle Ages, a shift took place from the precious
masks to the masks made out of the wax and plaster
casts. The masks were not being put into graves any
more. Instead, as true rarity, they were kept in the
libraries, museums, and universities. The death masks
were taken not only of the deceased royalty and nobility
(Henry VIII, Sforza), but also of the eminent persons
- poets, philosophers, and dramaturges, such as Dante,
Filippo Brunelleschi, Torquato Tasso, Shakespeare,
and Blaise Pascal. The death masks were then used
for making marble sculpture portraits and busts or
printed gravures of the deceased.
In Russia, the death mask tradition dates back to
the times of Peter the Great. His death mask taken
by Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli as well as death masks
of Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander II are well
known.
The origin of this tradition in Ukraine dates back
to the ancient times when the unknown painters of
Kiev Pechersk Lavra were creating three-dimensional
portraits of saints. Their main purpose was to keep
the image of the holy people for the descendants.
One of the first real Ukrainian death masks known
is the mask of the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko
taken by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg in Petersburg.
The face of Resusci Anne, the world's first CPR training
Mannequin, introduced in 1960, was modeled after L'Inconnue
de la Seine, the death mask of an unidentified young
woman found drowned in the Seine River in 1900.
Also
see: Laurence Hutton Collection
of Life and Death Masks
Mask on the Internet
http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=28
International
Mask and Carnival Museum of Binche
The
Noh Mask Effect: A Facial Expression Illusion
The
Mask (1994)
The Mask - Cast, Crew, Reviews, Plot Summary, Comments,
Discussion, Taglines, Trailers, Posters, Photos, Showtimes,
Link to Official Site, Fan Sites.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110475/
Behind the Mask
Gay, lesbian, and African affairs. Includes country
guides, articles, advice, and message board.
http://www.mask.org.za/
Mask -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A mask is a piece of material or kit worn on the face.
Masks have been used ... The masks and costumes from
these festivals have become collectors items. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask
Mexican Masks
Collection of authentic danced masks from Mexico and
Guatemala with discussions and comments on the art
of collecting and other curious observations.
http://www.mexicanmasks.us/
The
Art of the African Mask
Each mask was made according to a traditional style,
and each was worn by a trained performer. The African
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